Andrej Karpathy19 days ago
News Editor Karpathy says AI understanding has split into four tiers, with only 5,000 people seeing frontier systems up close
Andrej Karpathy has outlined what he describes as a steep four-level funnel of AI awareness, arguing that public perception of artificial intelligence is being shaped by access gaps rather than a shared view of the technology. In his estimate, about 6 billion people, or roughly 75% of the global population, have barely interacted with large language models at all. Another 1 billion to 2 billion people have only used free consumer tools occasionally and still see AI as a clumsy chatbot.
Karpathy says the picture changes sharply among roughly 20 million people working in math and programming, where paid frontier agents such as OpenAI Codex and Claude Code are already being used for coding, research, and technical problem-solving. At the narrowest end of the funnel, he estimates that only around 5,000 insiders have access to the most advanced internal systems at AI companies. According to his account, those systems involve large numbers of agents working together on software projects, security tasks, and mathematical research over extended periods.
He attributes the divide to three factors: ambitious users push systems harder, code and math offer clear reward signals for reinforcement learning, and access is split across free, paid, and internal tiers. The result, he argues, is that the AI seen by the public and the AI seen inside top labs no longer look like the same technology.